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American games

Baseball-the American Game

Like the life in the traditional company, but with the difference of football and the basketball, the other American team two principal fôlatre, the baseball is not governed by the clock and does not astound much from abroad that it is the sport of national in the rapid-involved United States. To be a very popular sport of team, independently of North America also in Latin America, Asia of the East of the Caribbean and, baseball is a play of beater-and-swell in which a jug throws a hard ball fist-classified after the striking sector of a smooth paste.

The smooth paste, which belongs to the other team, then tries to strike the ball with a made wood beater or a smooth and cylindrical metal. The team will mark only when the smooth paste controls to handle the beater successfully the ball and then functions more than four markers existing on the field of baseball in the diamond shape, placed at ninety distances from feet from other and bases called, whereas its adversaries try at the same time to catch the ball and to throw it successfully it by using their hands with their team-members located at each four base before the smooth paste manages to cover the last ninety feet and to reach the last base.

While a play of football comprises sixty minutes of the play exactly and a match of tennis shoe forty or minutes of forty-eight, the baseball does not last any overall play. The step of the play is thus slowly and without haste, as the world were in the past, before the deadlines, the programs and the wages of hour. In fact, the baseball belongs at this time where people had all the day to play a game. Just like the traditional rural life, the baseball proceeds according to the rate/rhythm of nature, specifically the rotation of the ground around itself and the sun. In fact, during its first years, the baseball was not played during the night, which meant that this traditional play of leisures more before laying down sun with more late.

Today, the season of baseball follows a traditional step, after the cycle of the active part of the crop year. The season of baseball starts by coming from the spring, extends by the long hot days from the summer, and culminates, like the season of growth with its harvest, in autumn. As from November per March, the players of baseball were inactive in the past, but maintaining the majority of them emigrates with the hotter climates of the Central America and the south.

In conclusion, just as the rural companies everywhere the three phases of the season of growth with festivals observed, makes the baseball thus. The day of opening ago of the season marked by the arrival of the spring. Then the annual play All-to hold the first role matching the best players of the two principal leagues comes in the medium from the summer, and the last in October, the competition of championship of baseball called , seriesof the world often called, traditional of fall starts.

With the world famous players, like the baby Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio, the golden age of baseball transformed these athletes of sports to the epic figures which inspired much and pointed out people why maintain our roots alive should be considered of extreme importance. In fact, a measure of location of baseball in the heart of the American life is its transcendence of the border between the popular and high culture.

More than the two other preferred American sports, baseball had, of call of crossover to attract the interest of the groups with little differently jointly. It is initially a popular form of entertainment. But it was also the subject literally of the serious treatment and the rigorous quantitative analysis. In the national life of the United States, the baseball made a place for itself in arts and sciences.

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Information on baseball tips can be found at the Baseball Tips site.

activities

Effect of pre emergence weedicide on soil metabolic activity in inceptisol soil

Effect of pre emergence weedicide on soil metabolic activity

        in laboratory  under ambient condition in inceptisol soil.

     Megha V. Nagmote and  A. D. Kadlag

Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry

Mahatma  Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413722,

 Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract : The present investigation was carried out by conducting an incubation study. The incubation study was carried out in laboratory under ambient condition at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Post Graduate Institute, M.P.K.V., Rahuri during 2002-03 to asses the periodical soil microbial population and enzyme activities viz., urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase. The application of alachlor @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.I. ha-1 were recorded the higher urease activity at 21st days (20.97, 20.83 and 20.85 mg NH4-N 100 g-1 soil hr-1 respectively) The acid phosphatase activity in laboratory incubation were increased at 21st days by alachlor @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (9.532, 9.985 and 9.761 µMP g-1 soil hr-1, respectively). The soil dehydrogenase activity was higher at 21st days of incubation by the pre emergence weedicides.

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Soil is a storehouse of plant nutrients for the growth and development of crop plants. The fertility of soil is governed by the enzymes that may be exoenzymes (free enzymes) or endoenzymes released from disintegration of cells. Nutrient cycling in soil involves biochemical and physiochemical reactions with the biochemical processes being mediated by microorganisms, plant roots and soil animals. All biochemical reactions are catalysed by enzymes. The microbes are small but their role in improving agricultural productivity and soil health is profound. Looking at the huge workforce of invisible tiny microbes, working wonders, doing thankless jobs silently for human welfare, one cannot but appreciate ‘Yes, the small is always beautiful (Anonymous, 2000).

Materials and Methods

The incubation study was carried out in laboratory under ambient condition at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Post Graduate Institute, M.P.K.V., Rahuri during 2002-03 to asses the periodical soil microbial population and enzyme activities viz., urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase. There   are    fourteen    treatment   comprised of pre emergence weedicide application viz., oxyfluorfen, alachlor, fluchloralin and pendimethalin in graded dose, weedy check and weed control. The soil of used for laboratory study is grouped under Inceptisol soil order belonging to Sawargaon (Pather)   soil   series.

Soil enzyme assay

Urease enzyme assay (Urea amidohydrolase,  EC 3.5.1.5) 

                   The urease enzyme assay was carried out according to the method described by Tabatabai and Bremner (1972).

Reagents used Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane (THAM) buffer, 0.05 M, pH 9.0 ,Urea solution - 0.2 M, Potassium chloride – 2.5 M – Silver sulphate (100 ppm) (KCl – Ag2SO4) solution, Sodium hydroxide - 2.5 %, Boric acid - 2 %, Mixed indicator, Working boric acid solution, H2SO4 -  0.1 N (Stock Solution)

Method - Five gram of soil was taken in 50 ml of clean dry conical flask. In each conical flask 0.2 ml of toluene and 9 ml of THAM buffer were added. The conical flask was incubated in water both for 30 minutes at 370c temperature. The conical flasks  were  replaced  from  the water bath and approximately 35 ml of potassium chloride silver sulphate solution (KCl – Ag2SO4)   was  added.    The content    was shaken    for few seconds and diluted to 50 ml volumetric flasks and were inverted several times and allowed to settle. Twenty milliliters of supernatant liquid was used for ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) estimation by micro-kjeldahl method.

Acid phosphatase enzymeassay(Orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) - For the assay of acid phosphatase enzyme, extraction was done by the method of Tabatabai and Bremner (1969). Reagents - Modified universal buffer (MUB) stock solution,   Modified Universal Buffer (MUB), pH 6.5, Na - b - Glycerophosphate - 0.1 M, Ammonium molybdate - 5 %, Perchloric acid - 60 %, Aminonapthol sulphonic acid (ANSA), Standard phosphorus solution - 0.01 M.

Method - Acid phosphatase enzyme was extracted from soil by the procedure of Tabatabai and Bremner (1969). Five gram of soil was taken  in  50 ml conical flask. In each conical flask 1 ml toluene, 20 ml modified universal buffer (MUB pH 6.5) and 5 ml of Na-b-glycerophosphate were added. The flask were replaced from water bath and kept in boiling water bath for 15 minutes to kill the enzyme activity. The content was filtered and 5 ml of extract was used for colour development. For colour development the procedure given by King (1932) was used. Five ml of filtrate was pipetted out in clean dry   25 ml volumetric flaks to which 1 ml of ammonium molybdate, 1.2 ml of perchloric acid and 1 ml of ANSA were added and final volume was made to 25 ml with distilled water for colour development. The absorbance was read on Spectronic-20 at 663 nm after 30 minutes against blank. The amount of inorganic phosphorus produced was calculated from the standard curve and  the  acid  phosphatase  activity  was  expressed in terms of mM ‘P’ g-1  soil hr-1.

Calibration of standard curve - In a series of 25 ml volumetric flask 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ….. 1 ml of 0.01 M phosphorus solution were pipetted out in triplicates. Rest of the procedure was same as described in the colour development. The standard curve was plotted on a graph paper taking mM of phosphorus concentration value against the absorbance at 663 nm.

Dehydrogenase enzyme assay - The dehydrogenase enzyme activity assay was carried out by the method described by Casida et al. (1964).

Procedure - Taken 6 screwed capped test tube of 15 ml capacity, one gram finely powdered soil in each of the tube were added, then added 500 mg FYM in each tube, one ml of 3 % TTC and 0.5 ml of 1 % glucose in each tubes were imposed, taped the tubes so that no air bubble remain in soil. A thin layer of water should form above the soil.Incubated for 12 hrs.Added 10 ml of methanol. Vigorously shaked the flasks and allowed to stand in dark for 24 hrs. Withdraw supernant and measure colour intensity using blue filter at 480 nm on Spectronic-20. The absorbance was proportional to the concentration of TPF formed.

Result and Discussion –

The periodical soil urease enzyme activity as influenced by the pre emergence weedicides in incubation study are presented in (Table 1). The urease enzyme activity was numerically increased up to 21 days of incubation over 7 and 14 days of incubation in all the weedicide application. The maximum urease enzyme activity was recorded in alachlor pre emergence weedicide application @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (20.97, 20.83 and 20.65 mg NH4-N 100 g-1 soil hr-1 respectively) followed by fluchloralin @ 0.75, 1.50 and 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (19.88, 19.65 and 18.93 mg NH4-N 100 g-1 soil hr-1 respectively).  The urease enzyme activity at 45 and 60 days of incubation were drastically reduced in all the pre emergence weedicide application.  The reduction in urease enzyme activity might be related with the decreased soil microbial population and enzyme concentration in soil. This observation is corroborated with the Ramesh et al. (2000)

                   The soil acid phosphatase enzyme activity as influenced by the levels of different pre emergence weedicides under laboratory conditions are presented in (Table 2).  The highest soil acid phosphatase activity at 21 days of incubation was observed in pre emergence application of alachlor @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (9.532, 9.985 and 9.761 mM P g-1 soil hr-1 respectively) followed by fluchloralin application @ 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 kg a.i. ha-1 (9.341, 8.829 and 8.934 mM P g-1 soil hr-1 respectively).  These observations revealed that use of alachlor as pre emergence weedicide is more beneficial for soil acid phosphatase activity followed by fluchloralin.  This might be ascertained that these weedicides did not inhibit the microbial population in soil which in turn resulted in higher soil acid phosphatase activity.  These results are in accordance with Pozo et al. (1994) and Nagaraja et al. (1998).

                          The soil dehydrogenase activity as influenced by the application of pre emergence weedicide are depicted in (Table 3). It was maximum in lower dose of alachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 fluchloralin and pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 (0.384, 0.451 and 0.497 m mol formazon g-1 soil day-1 respectively).  The variation in soil dehydrogenase activity might be because of microbial population and their activity in soil.  The 21 days of incubation showed the higher soil dehydrogenase activity by application of alachlor @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (0.631, 0.653 and 0.697 m mol g-1 soil day-1 respectively). The fluchloralin weedicide also showed the higher soil dehydrogenase activity at 45 days (0.475, 0.485 and 0.359 m mol g-1 soil day-1 respectively) and 60 days of incubation (0.346, 0.374 and 0.364 m mol g-1 soil day-1 respectively). 

Conclusions - The application of alachlor pre emergence weedicide recorded the maximum urease activity at 21st days of an incubation followed by fluchloralin. The highest acid phosphatase activity was recorded at 21st days of an incubation by alachlor as pre emergence weedicide. The maximum dehydrogenase activity was observed at 21st days of incubation by the pre emergence weedicide.

References –

Anonymous. 2000. Microbes for sustainable agriculture Indian Fmg. pp. 39-41.

Casida, L.E., Klein, D.A. and Santro, T. 1964.  Soil dehydrogenase activity.  Soil Sci. 98 : 371-376.

Nagaraja, N.S., Ramakrishna Parama, V.R. and Siddaramappa, R. 1998.  Effect of attrazine on urea N. mineralization and activity of some soil enzymes.  J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 46(2) : 182-192.

Pozo, L., Salmeron, V., Rodelas, B., Martinez-Toleds, M.V. and Gonzatez-Lopez, J. 1994.  Effect of herbicide alachlor on soil microbial activities.  Ecotoxicol.  3(1) : 4-10.

Ramesh, A., Joshi, O.P. and Billore, S.D. 2000.  Effect of herbicides on soil dehydrogenase and urease activity in soybean.  Indian J. agric. Sci. 70(4) : 218-219.

Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. 1969.  Use of nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1 : 301-307.

                                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1.      Effect of pre emergence weedicide on perodical urease enzyme activity in inceptisol soil under laboratory condition

 

Sr. No.

Treatment

Urease enzyme activity

(mg NH4-N 100 g-1 soil hr-1)

 

7 days

14 days

21 days

45 days

60 days

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

15.58

16.65

18.68

11.98

11.84

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

14.61

15.84

18.32

11.83

11.57

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

14.32

14.68

17.90

11.58

10.92

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

17.95

17.98

20.97

15.65

14.79

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

17.88

17.93

20.83

14.93

14.55

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

16.98

17.78

20.65

14.73

14.17

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

16.96

16.96

19.88

13.87

13.68

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

16.72

16.88

19.65

13.53

12.83

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

15.47

16.65

18.93

13.28

12.75

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

16.98

16.89

19.81

13.85

13.92

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

16.87

16.77

19.45

13.69

13.69

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

15.25

15.93

18.89

12.85

13.55

13.

Weedy check

13.99

14.32

16.69

15.22

16.30

14.

Control

14.03

14.48

17.27

16.37

16.63

( Initial urease enzyme activity – 13.98 mg NH4-N 100 g-1 soil hr-1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2.      Effect of pre emergence weedicide on perodical acid phosphatase enzyme activity in inceptisol soil under laboratory condition

 

Sr. No.

Treatment

Acid phosphatase enzyme activity 

(µM P g-1 soil hr-1)

 

7 days

14 days

21 days

45 days

60 days

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

3.753

6.345

7.952

5.689

4.657

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

2.922

5.861

7.637

5.851

4.491

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

2.848

5.980

7.485

5.948

4.648

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

4.942

7.831

9.532

6.985

5.899

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

4.893

7.989

9.985

6.743

5.736

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

4.628

7.574

9.761

6.538

5.758

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

4.782

7.953

9.341

6.854

5.635

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

3.831

6.795

8.829

6.481

5.813

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

3.788

6.647

8.934

5.973

5.987

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

3.831

6.893

8.685

6.343

5.435

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

3.688

6.576

8.742

5.718

4.988

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

3.423

6.487

8.533

5.895

4.713

13.

Weedy check

2.632

5.742

6.861

5.431

4.328

14.

Control

2.471

5.396

6.438

5.287

3.986

(Initial  phosphatase enzyme activity – 2.392 µM P g-1soil hr-1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3.      Effect of pre emergence weedicide on perodical acid dehydrogenase enzyme activity in inceptisol soil under laboratory condition

 

Sr. No.

Treatment

Soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity

(µmol formazon g-1 soil day-1)

 

7 days

14 days

21 days

45 days

60 days

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

0.292

0.438

0.477

0.375

0.267

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.361

0.489

0.468

0.343

0.257

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.288

0.476

0.484

0.324

0.219

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.384

0.587

0.631

0.384

0.285

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.373

0.595

0.653

0.393

0.274

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.352

0.583

0.697

0.358

0.224

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

0.451

0.432

0.584

0.475

0.346

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

0.487

0.484

0.578

0.485

0.374

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

0.342

0.573

0.530

0.359

0.361

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

0.497

0.481

0.655

0.447

0.291

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

0.343

0.597

0.587

0.452

0.337

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

0.381

0.442

0.688

0.466

0.245

13.

Weedy check

0.245

0.332

0.442

0.316

0.259

14.

Control

0.203

0.248

0.327

0.283

0.134

(Initial  dehydrogenase enzyme activity – 0.269 µmol formazon g-1 soil day-1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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and

What's the difference between isolated storms and scattered storms?

And why does the weather picture SHOW the storms in their little icon, but then under it, it says there's only a 30% chance of rain? Doesn't that mean 70% nice out, so it should be a NICE picture?

The National Weather Service defines the probability of precipitation for a location using percentages. Isolated thunderstorms expected, covering about 10-25% of the area. Implies thunderstorms will occur. Scattered thunderstorms expected, covering 25-50% of the area. Implies thunderstorms will occur.

Point

The Importance of Buying Good Quality Pointe Shoes

The pointe shoe is a type of shoe designed specifically for the ballet dancer. It allows them to stand on the tips of their toes – or en pointe – for a prolonged period of time. The effect is that the ballet dancer appears to move around the performance space as though weightless. Though they are largely worn by female dancers, they are occasionally worn by male performers in roles such as the Ugly Sisters in Cinderella and Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

As all dancer's feet are unique, there is no standard design for the pointe shoe and most manufacturers produce several models. Features of the dancer's feet that may vary include the length and shape of their toes, flexibility of the arch, and the mechanical strength of the foot. However, all pointe shoes share the same two internal structural features. These are the "box" and the "shank". The box is a hard enclosed space at the end of the shoe which is designed to support the dancer's toes. The end of the box is flattened to create a platform which enables the dancer to stand en pointe. The shank is a rigid piece of material which provides support for the arch when the foot is en pointe.

It's very important for the pointe shoe to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye so its exterior is covered with fabric. This is almost always satin but can very occasionally by canvas though this is extremely rare. Unlike other styles of dance shoes such as soft ballet shoes, jazz shoes or dance sneakers, pointe shoes are generally only available in flesh colours. This is so that the dancer almost appears as though they are performing barefoot.

A student may use demi-pointe shoes to help with the transition from soft ballet shoes. This is because they have the characteristics of both soft ballet shoes and pointe shoes. The untrained eye may find it difficult to see the difference but there are several. Though the outer of the shoe much resembles a pointe shoe, the toe box is softer and the sides of the toe box (or wings) or not usually as deep. Furthermore, demi-pointe shoes have no shank which means they do not provide the required support for pointe work. As a result, dance teachers often strongly advise of the dangers of standing en-pointe in this type of shoe. As well as helping students make the transition, demi-pointe shoes are occasionally used for performances which require the appearance of pointe shoes but no pointe work is performed.

It's important for the dancer to ensure they have the correct fit for their pointe shoes. It's also advisable to ensure that they are supplied by a reputable manufacturer such as Bloch or Freed of London. An ill fitting or poor quality pair can cause lasting and irreparable damage to the foot. If you are replacing a pair of pointe shoes and know exactly what size you need, there are many online specialist dance shops which can offer excellent prices so it's a good idea to shop around for the best deal.

About the Author

Dance Gear Direct are experts in providing dance wear with over 30 years experience. For more information about our carefully selected range of pointe shoes and other ballet shoes please visit our website www.dancegeardirect.co.uk.

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