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For this Couple, Steel's All Wright

In Rhinebeck, NY—roughly 400 miles northwest of Mill Run, PA—there is a mini-compound of three steel buildings situated together amongst many trees. One of the buildings functions as a home, the other a garage, and the third a studio.

The three buildings are pleasing enough to look at and all feature a Quonset-style form with arched roofs and many vertical windows that mimic the length of the trees that surround them. Passersby may think it curious that owners Andy Weintraub and his wife chose steel buildings instead of a more customary material like wood, but the Weintraub's had a plan. Whether they realized it at the time or not, that plan utilized ‘organic architecture', a term coined by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

A seven-hour drive from the Weintraub's home would find them at Mill Run, which is where Wright's most famous structure can be found—one that many say best typifies organic architecture. Known as ‘Fallingwater' or ‘Kaufmann Residence', this private home was commissioned as a nature retreat for the owners, and Wright did not disappoint. By its definition, organic architecture is a philosophy which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

Fallingwater is built on top of an active waterfall which flows beneath the house. The fireplace hearth in the living room integrates boulders found on the site and upon which the house was built — ledge rock which protrudes up to a foot through the living room floor was left in place to demonstrably link the outside with the inside. The stone floors are waxed, while the hearth is left plain, giving the impression of dry rocks protruding from a stream.

Now, while differences abound between Fallingwater and the Weintraub's steel residence, the couple's concerted efforts to integrate the inside with the outside point directly to Wright's penchant for organic architecture. But why did the couple begin with a steel building?

"We spent a lot of money on our land and needed to build something that wasn't too expensive," says Weintraub, who bought all three buildings from SteelMaster Buildings in Virginia Beach, VA. "The nice thing about the SteelMaster building is that its simplicity is what allows you to do with it what you will.  There are no interior posts or supporting walls so you can divide the space any way you see fit."

SteelMaster offers unique custom solutions for Pre-fabricated buildings applications such as architectural design, affordable steel housing, athletic facilities, salt storage, retail stores/business facilities, as well as specialty buildings such as bus stops, smoke shacks, doggie dorms, churches, and more.

"Whether it is a unique application for our standard metal buildings or a design that requires additional support from an architect or engineer, SteelMaster has years of steel building experience in solving building and design challenges," says Michelle Wickum, the director of marketing for SteelMaster. "This uniquely qualifies us in the industry to competently address questions and concerns, and then professionally create solutions that will work, structurally, functionally, and aesthetically."

Weintraub says both he and his wife have been actively engaged in building and designing their own homes for their entire marriage—which they will celebrate in August on their 50th wedding anniversary. Being that their SteelMaster home was the seventh that they have built, they had a good idea of what they wanted.

"The SteelMaster structures were designed by my wife and me, and we utilized the sweeping curves of the SteelMaster buildings," says Weintraub. "We wanted a low maintenance, eco-friendly residence and work space which also had some "character", and, to our minds, beauty. We decided to use natural materials found on the property within the house, including stone and trees."

On the inside of their steel building, they sprayed 4" of polyurethane, which provides a very high "R" value for insulation, and, because it is applied in one continuous application, there is no air infiltration around windows, electric outlets, etc.  After the polyurethane cured, it was covered (sprayed) with Monocote, a light weight mixture of cement, fiberglass, and vermiculite, which serves as a thermal barrier and a finish.   The Weintraub's are pleased with the final look of all three of their buildings, and say it provides the perfect amount of space for when family comes to visit.

"We have only one official bedroom in the house, although we have rooms that can serve as such," says Weintraub. When our children and grandchildren visit, we can sleep a total of sixteen, with more room on the floor.  We have a total of three and a half bathrooms between the house and the studio, which serves as guest quarters. We've definitely recommended this type of construction to many people…we love it."

About the Author

Brenda creates an absolute, stunning, and reliably trust factor towards Pre-fabricated buildings , through the acceptable facts of this article! Along with variant benefits, she explains that how these steel buildings make a drastic difference in its stand!

p kaufmann fabric

Sodium chloride

Production and use

Salt is currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tons, the top five producers (in million tonnes) being the United States (40.3), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3).

As well as the familiar uses of salt in cooking, salt is used in many applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper, to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps, detergents, and other bath products. It is the major source of industrial chlorine and sodium hydroxide, and used in almost every industry.

Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because it appears to have hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; as it draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure preventing them from reproducing and causing food to spoil. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest.

Israeli and Jordanian salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea.

Mounds of salt, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia.

Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris, New York, United States.

Evaporation lagoons, Aigues-Mortes, France.

Solubility of NaCl in various solvents

(g NaCl / 100 g of solvent at 25 C)

H2O

36

Liquid ammonia

3.02

Methanol

1.4

Sulfolane

0.005

Formic acid

5.2

Acetone

0.000042

Formamide

9.4

Acetonitrile

0.0003

Dimethylformamide

0.04

Reference:

Burgess, J. Metal Ions in Solution

(Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978)

ISBN 0-85312-027-7

Synthetic uses

Sodium chloride is also the raw material used to produce chlorine which itself is required for sterilization and the production of many modern materials including PVC, pesticides and epoxy resins. Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation

2NaCl + 2H2O Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH

Sodium metal is produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. This is now done in a Down's cell in which sodium chloride is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 C. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous method of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide.

Sodium chloride is used in other chemical processes for the large-scale production of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used for producing sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. In the Mannheim process and in the Hargreaves process, it is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.

Biological uses

Many micro organisms cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as smoked bacon or fish. It can also be used to detach leeches that have attached themselves to feed. It is also used to disinfect wounds.

Optical uses

Pure NaCl crystal is an optical compound with a wide transmission range from 200 nm to 20 um. It was often used in the infrared spectrum range and it is still used sometimes.

NaCl crystal is soft, hygroscopic and inexpensive. This limits its application to protected environment or for short term uses (prototyping). Exposed to free air NaCl optics will "rot".

Today tougher crystals like ZnSe are used instead of NaCl (for the IR spectral range).

Optical data

Transmitivity: 92% (from 400 nm to 13m)

Refractive Index: 1.494 @ 10m

Reflection Loss: 7.5% @ 10m (2 surfaces)

dN/dT: -36.2 x 10-6/C @ 0.7m

Household uses

Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice.

At one time salt water was used to clean teeth.

Firefighting uses

A class D fire extinguisher for various metals

Sodium Chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-L-X, Super D) used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium, and NaK alloys (Class D). Thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture, along with waterproofing (metal stearates) and anti-caking materials (tricalcium phosphate) to form the extinguishing agent. When it is applied to the fire, the salt acts like a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and also forms an oxygen-excluding crust to smother the fire. The plastic additive melts and helps the crust maintain its integrity until the burning metal cools below its ignition temperature. This type of extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s in the cartridge-operated type shown here, although stored pressure versions are now popular. Common sizes are 30 lb. portable and 350 lb. wheeled.

In weather

Clouds above the Pacific

Small particles of sea salt are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei well out at sea, which allow the formation of clouds in otherwise non-polluted air. Snow removal by addition of salt (salting) is done to make travel easier and safer, and decrease the long term impact of a heavy snowfall on human populations. This process is done by both individual households and by governments and institutions and utilizes salts to eliminate snow from road surfaces and sidewalks.

Biological functions

In humans, a high-salt intake has long been known to generally raise blood pressure, especially in certain individuals. More recently, it was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.

Crystal structure

The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each ion has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry.

Main article: Cubic crystal system

Sodium chloride forms crystals with face-centered cubic symmetry. In these, the larger chloride ions, shown to the right as green spheres, are arranged in a cubic close-packing, while the smaller sodium ions, shown to the right as silver spheres, fill all the cubic gaps between them. Each ion is surrounded by six ions of the other kind; the surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron.

This same basic structure is found in many other minerals and is commonly known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure. It can be represented as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with a two atom basis. The first atom is located at each lattice point, and the second atom is located half way between lattice points along the fcc unit cell edge.

It is held together by an ionic bond which is produced by electrostatic forces arising from the difference in charge between the ions.

Road salt

While salt was once a scarce commodity in history, industrialized production has now made salt plentiful. Approximately 51% of world output is now used by cold countries to de-ice roads in winter, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles. Calcium chloride is preferred over sodium chloride, since CaCl2 releases energy upon forming a solution with water, heating any ice or snow it is in contact with. It also lowers the freezing point, depending on the concentration. NaCl does not release heat upon solution; however, it does lower the freezing point. Calcium chloride is thought to be more environmentally friendly than sodium chloride when used to de-ice roads, however a drawback is that it tends to promote corrosion (of vehicles) more so than sodium chloride. NaCl is also more readily available and does not have any special handling or storage requirements, unlike calcium chloride. The salinity (S) of water is measured as grams salt per kilogram (1000g) water, and the freezing temperatures are as follows.

S(g/kg)

0

10

20

24.7

30

35

T(freezing) (C)

0

-0.5

-1.08

-1.33

-1.63

-1.91

Additives

Most table salt sold for consumption today is not pure sodium chloride. In 1911 magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. In 1924 trace amounts of iodine in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodate were first added, to reduce the incidence of simple goiter.

Salt for de-icing in the UK predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire []. Prior to distribution it has an anti-caking agent added, sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) at less than 100ppm, this treatment enables rock salt to flow freely out of the gritting vehicles despite being stockpiled prior to use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt.

Environmental impact

Road salt ends up in fresh water bodies and could could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their osmoregulation ability. An alternative is to spread rough sand on ice so the surface is not slippery.

Alternative names

NaCl, Sodium monochloride

Table salt, Sal Culinare or Sal Culinaris

Common Salt, Sal Commune

Muriate of soda, Muriate of natrium, Chloride of Sodium, Hydrochlorate of Soda (older names)

Sodii Chloridum, SodAe Hydro-chloras, SodAe Murias (ancient names)

Nat Mur for Natrum Muriaticum, Natrum Muriatica, or even Natrium Muriate (homeopathic/Biochemic cell salts)

See also

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on

Salt

Biosalinity

Kala Namak

Halite, the mineral form of sodium chloride

Schler's list of 12 Biochemic cell salts (names: "Nat Mur" for "Natrum muriaticum", etc.); List of homeopathic preparations

Salinity

Salt

Soap

Salting the earth

References

^ Martel, B.; Cassidy, K. (2004), Chemical Risk Analysis: A Practical Handbook, Butterwortheinemann, p. 369, ISBN 1903996651 

^ Susan R. Feldman. Sodium chloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online, 2005 doi:10.1002/0471238961.1915040902051820.a01.pub2

^ B. J. Mason (2006-12-19). "The role of sea-salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans". The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 127 (576): 20232032. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114028130/abstract. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 

^ David A. Kuemmel (1994). Managing roadway snow and ice control operations. Transportation Research Board. p. 10. ISBN 9780309056663. http://books.google.com/books?id=I3gxuwTE5_MC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=effect+of+snowfall+on+infrastructure&source=bl&ots=kmDWQqfCno&sig=yMOXi2gv5_LJf_o3qNA36e0FSO8&hl=en&ei=nKxUSt-pAY7ElAeIoZXkCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 

^ Relationship between Salt Intake, Nitric Oxide and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Its Relevance to Patients with End-Stage

^ Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: dark horse or phantom entry?

^ "Morton Salt FAQ". http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/index.html#q3. Retrieved 2007-05-12. 

^ Markel H (1987). ""When it rains it pours": endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD". American journal of public health 77 (2): 21929. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219. PMID 3541654. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1646845. 

^ Does road salt harm the environment?

^ National Institute of Standards and Technology: Sodium Chloride

Further reading

Kaufmann, Dale W., SODIUM CHLORIDE, The Production and Properties of Salt and Brine, ACS Monograph 145, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1960, 743 pages. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-50778.

Kurlansky, Mark, SALT, A World History, Walker and Company, New York, 2002, 484 pages. ISBN 0-8027-1373-4

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sodium chloride

The Salt Manufacturers Association website

Salt Institute website

Salt Archive website

Salt United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information

US Road Management website

Salt Intake in Cold Weather

Oxford MSDS

JtBaker MSDS

v  d  e

  Sodium compounds

NaAlO2  NaBH3(CN)  NaBH4  NaBr  NaBrO4  NaCH3COO  NaCN  NaC6H5CO2  NaC6H4(OH)CO2  NaCl  NaClO  NaClO2  NaClO3  NaClO4  NaF  NaH  NaHCO3  NaHSO3  NaHSO4  NaI  NaIO3  NaIO4  NaMnO4  NaNH2  NaNO2  NaNO3  NaN3  NaOH  NaO2  NaPO2H2  NaReO4  NaSCN  NaSH  NaTcO4  NaVO3  Na2CO3  Na2C2O4  Na2CrO4  Na2Cr2O7  Na2MnO4  Na2MoO4  Na2O  Na2O2  Na2O(UO3)2  Na2S  Na2SO3  Na2SO4  Na2S2O3  Na2S2O4  Na2S2O5  Na2S2O6  Na2S2O7  Na2S2O8  Na2SeO3  Na2SeO4  Na2SiO3  Na2Te  Na2TeO3  Na2Ti3O7  Na2U2O7  NaWO4  Na2Zn(OH)4  Na3N  Na3P  Na3VO4  Na4Fe(CN)6   Na5P3O10

Categories: Granular materials | Preservatives | Antiseptics | Snow removal | Sodium compounds | Chlorides | World Health Organization essential medicinesHidden categories: Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields
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